Is Milk Bad For You? The Truth About Dairy

Sixty-five percent of the global population is lactose intolerant, and yet most Americans (even those who are lactose intolerant) are convinced that they need to drink the mammary secretions of another animal to survive. Dairy is a food group after all, and we’re indoctrinated at a young age through our parents, marketing ads, and even the school cafeteria that milk does a body good. Are vegans missing out on optimum health benefits of cow’s milk, or is there a good reason to stay away? Here’s everything you need to know if you’ve got milk. 

What’s in milk?

Flavored milk and lactose-free milk aside, the only thing that is added to milk during the udder-to-carton process is vitamin D. All commercially sold milk is fortified with this vitamin. The substance that ends up in a plastic gallon with a cheery illustration of pasture-raised dairy cows is a pasteurized concoction taken from lactating dairy cows. Therein lies the issue—it’s not what’s added to milk, it’s milk itself that poses health risks. Each mammalian species produces milk that is unique to their offspring. Milk is essentially baby food, and in the case of cows, it’s meant to nurture and grow a 100-pound calf into a roughly 1,000-pound cow over the course of a year. Compounds in milk—such as IGF-1, a growth hormone—spur this development. While necessary for baby cows, too much IGF-1 can be harmful to humans. A mounting body of scientific research has linked the hormone specifically found in cow’s milk to increased cancer risk, as it may trigger unregulated or excess growth of cancer cells. 

In addition to natural growth hormone, cow’s milk also contains a cocktail of bovine sex hormones. A label claiming “no added hormones” is inconsequential, because the animal’s hormones naturally pass into her milk. Due to the speed in which dairy cows are impregnated, give birth, and re-impregnated (yes, mammals must give birth to produce milk), most commercially available milk comes from a pregnant cow. Like humans, a pregnant female cow’s body is raging with hormones including estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, testosterone, and others. These hormones can all be found in the glass of 2 percent served with dinner or the whole milk used in a Starbucks latte. 

Dairy milk also contains lactose—a sugar molecule. Lactose is the culprit of lactose intolerance. Everyone is born with the ability to digest lactose, but as we age, most lose this ability because nature believes we should be eating solid foods and therefore have no use for breast milk. Mammalian bodies stop producing lactase—the enzyme needed to break down lactose—after infancy. This explains why the majority of humans are lactose intolerant as well as why lactose intolerance symptoms (bloating, gas, diarrhea, stomach pain), may get more severe over time. Note: lactose-free milk isn’t truly lactose-free—it’s treated with a lactase enzyme which pre-digests the lactose for you. 

Neu5Gc is another component found in all dairy milk. It’s a sialic acid found in many mammals, yet it is a foreign compound to human bodies. As such, when Neu5Gc enters the system, the body mounts an immune response, triggering inflammation. While this inflammation may be acute to start (meaning temporary), regular consumption of dairy milk (and therefore a constant influx of Neu5Gc) can lead to a chronic inflammatory condition which sets the stage for a number of diseases including cardiovascular issues and cancer. 

Is milk healthy?

To define what is healthy, it’s necessary to look at the complete nutrient package. There’s no denying that milk does provide some essential nutrients including eight grams of protein, about a third of the recommended daily allowance for calcium, and some vitamin D (thanks to fortification). The dairy industry capitalizes on these nutrients to promote the idea of health, but ads fail to mention the other components of milk that are less than beneficial. All milk—even skim varieties—contains trans fat, a harmful substance that the USDA claims is not safe in any amount. Trans fat is not always apparent on nutrition labels, because according to food labeling laws, a company may write “0” for any nutrient that comes in at under 0.5 grams per serving. Trans fat can cripple arteries, impede blood flow, and eventually lead to heart disease when consumed in excess. Milk also contains saturated fat and cholesterol which can lead to similar ailments. As mentioned earlier, dairy milk naturally contains several components that have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. 

Consuming cow’s milk for its protein or calcium content is like consuming artificial fruit gummies for their vitamin C content. Sure, both contain necessary nutrients, but they also contain a whole lot of other things that aren’t good for you. It’s all about the total package, and milk simply doesn’t cut it. 

Milk and the environment

Meat gets a bad rap for its environmental toll, but despite milk’s massive demand on natural resources, it often gets a pass. At the very least, people don’t tend to think of the dairy industry’s impact on the environment as much as meat, and if they do, they often point their finger at those darn thirsty almonds. Here are the facts: it takes 1,000 gallons of water to produce one gallon of milk. Broken down by the glass, that’s 120 liters of water for every eight-ounce serving of cow’s milk. In comparison, only 74 liters of water are needed to produce an eight-ounce serving of almond milk, and a mere 10 liters of water are needed for the same amount of oat milk. Also on the topic of water, the Environmental Protection Agency has faulted the dairy industry as a major contributor to US water pollution, as the runoff from its manure lagoons—enormous cesspools of cow excrement—can seep into the soil or overflow. These pools are so difficult to seal completely, the industry is even allowed a certain amount of leakage, determined by the state. For example, Wisconsin dairy farmers may have up to 500 gallons of leakage per acre per day. Considering a 2,500-herd dairy farm produces as much waste as a city the size of Minneapolis per year (90 million pounds of waste), one can imagine how vast and deep those manure lagoons can be. 

Hand-in-hand with cow excrement comes emissions and climate pollution. The dairy industry as a whole is responsible for 4 percent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions. While that number may seem insignificant, think about it as just one food. If other foods were just as damaging, we’d hit our global total of emissions with just a few food groups without even adjusting for the emissions of the transportation or industrial sectors. In California alone—America’s largest dairy producer—the industry accounts for 45 percent of the state’s total methane and 38 percent of the overall nitrous oxide emissions. And the majority of it results from cow burps and farts. They seem harmless, but with over 1.7 million “happy” milking cows in California, these enteric emissions add up into a big problem. 

Considering it takes far more land to raise a 1,000-pound cow than any plant, milk also requires an incredibly wasteful amount of land. To compare, 1.75 square meters are needed to produce one eight-ounce glass of cow’s milk, whereas only 0.25 square meters and 0.1 square meters of land are needed to produce the same amount of oat and almond milk, respectively. For a grander perspective, the land needed to sustain America’s consumption of fluid milk is equal to the size of Virginia. Imagine, an entire state of cows, manufacturing facilities, and milking sheds packed shoulder-to-shoulder, wall-to-wall, as far as the eye can see. 

When it comes down to it, researchers at the University of Oxford said it best: the single most effective way to reduce one’s impact on the environment is to go vegan. Ditching meat isn’t enough. Milk is an environmental villain, too. 

Vegan milk nutrition

No matter the lens you look through—health, environmental, or ethical—cow’s milk is not the optimal option. But do non-dairy alternatives stack up in regards to nutrition? Many do. According to the updated 2020-2025 US Dietary Guidelines, fortified soy milk is nutritionally equivalent to cow’s milk. Cup for cup, soy milk contains the same amount of protein (8 grams), calcium (30 percent of the RDA), and vitamin D (15 percent of the RDA). While unrecognized by the USDA, pea milk provides a similar nutritionally robust profile. Other milks—such as oat, almond, cashew, hemp, flax, and coconut—may be fortified with calcium and vitamin D, but do not naturally contain as much protein. However, there are other benefits to these milks, including their amazing taste. Unlike dairy milk, vegan milk also contains fiber—up to two grams per serving for soy and oat. Dairy-free milk is also free from cholesterol, hormones, and trans fats. So drink up. 

Best vegan milk brands

Oatly

1 Oatly 

Can you imagine a pre-oat world? It actually wasn’t that long ago. Oatly didn’t hit US coffee shops until 2016, and while oat-based beverages were available through other brands, it was this Swedish company that Americans fell into an obsession with. If you’re ordering an oat milk latte, there are three major brands it could be made from, but Oatly is the most likely. Aside from pick-me-ups, Oatly makes a truly phenomenal chocolate oat milk that adults and kids will adore. 
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Califia Farms

2 Califia Farms

Before the oat craze took hold of our attention, almond milk was all the rage. Launched in 2010, this California company started with almonds and whetted the mainstream appetite for non-dairy milk. It was the first time dairy-free milk was considered “cool” instead of off-beat. The brand makes an excellent almond-based barista blend as well as straight-to-the-glass options including almond, oat, coconut, and blended milk options. When the fall and winter holidays roll around, be sure to snag a jug of Califia’s seasonal milks such as the Pumpkin Spice Latte Cold Brew Coffee and Peppermint Mocha Cold Brew. 
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Silk

3 Silk

Silk is to soy milk as Oatly is to oat milk. It’s one of the most accessible and recognized soy milk brands on the market, and for good reason—it makes great soy milk. However, as the plant milk market has grown and evolved, Silk has come up with other vegan milk options. These include almond, coconut, and our personal favorite, cashew milk.
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Minor Figures

4 Minor Figures

New to the US, this Australian brand of oat milk is gaining popularity amongst third- and fourth-wave coffee shops. It’s specially formulated for baristas but also works well if you just want something for your morning oats or cereal. This is a brand to keep an eye on. 
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Ripple

5 Ripple

The term “pea milk” evokes the same eyebrow-raising reaction as “nutritional yeast.” Both are delicious, yet unfortunately their names are unarguably unappealing. To set the record straight: pea milk is not green, and it is not made from green peas. It’s made from yellow split peas, and it’s a shade of barely off-white—just like every other unoffending plant-based milk on the market. Despite the misfortune of being called pea milk, Ripple has advanced this highly nutritious plant milk into supermarkets nationwide. If you have kids, this is certainly a brand you want to stock up on—both the 48-ounce bottles and individual kids’ cartons.
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Pacific Foods

6 Pacific Foods

Here’s a trick to pre-determine how your non-dairy latte will turn out at any given coffee shop: ask if they carry Pacific Foods milk. These dairy-free milks make for excellent, creamy espresso drinks even in the most novice of barista’s hands. Fortunately, this is the brand most coffee shops use—from independent roasteries to chains such as Peet’s Coffee. Most cafés carry almond, soy, and oat varieties, but you can find hemp, coconut, hazelnut, and cashew milk options at many supermarkets. 
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For more about dairy milk and vegan milk, read:
Dairy Milk Consumption Linked to Spike in Breast Cancer Risk
The VegNews Guide to Vegan Milk
Is Soy Milk Making a Comeback?